Understanding Chinese Culture, Chinese Business Culture and its Business Ethnics

Who are the Chinese?

2008-08-25T11:55:00.000-07:00

Chinese History

2008-08-19T09:36:00.000-07:00

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Shang Dynasty (17th to 11th cent. BC)
The Shang Dynasty (also called Yin 殷 after the last capital near modern Anyang 安陽/Henan) is the second of the Three Holy Dynasties (San Dai, Sandai　三代) of Chinese historiography (Xia 夏, Shang 商, and Zhou 周). It is said to have been founded by Tang the Great 大湯, the last ruler was the depraved King Zhou 紂王 (posthumous title Di Xi, Dixin 帝辛). Only the discovering of oracle bones at the beginning of the 20th century and the deciphering of the incised inscriptions (oracle bone inscriptions, jiaguwen 甲骨文) proved that at least the last part of the Shang was indeed a historical period.

Western Zhou Dynasty(11 cent.-770 BC) Spring and Autumn period (Eastern Zhou)(770-475/452/403 BC) Warring States period (Eastern Zhou) (475/452/403-221 BC)
The Zhou Dynasty is probably the dynasty that reigned for the longest period not only of all Chinese dynasties, but of the whole world. Of course, such a long period contributed to a certain image of the Zhou rulers and their institutions as the guideline for all later people. The founders of the Zhou Dynasty, the Kings Wen and Wu (abbreviated to the couple Wen Wu 文武), and the Prince Regent Duke Dan of Zhou 周公旦, were seen as the ideal monarchs and even as patrons and inventors of every kind of arts. The Confucianists venerated these rulers as guided by morality, humanity and righteousness. But 900 years of history were also times of profound changes that took place. The first kings of Zhou enfeoffed their fellowship and relatives with large domains that later developed to kingdoms themselves: the central government lost its authority, the "feudal system" (fengjian zhidu 封建制度) similar to the Western Middle Age system of enfeoffment disintegrated. The once venerated kings of Zhou, people like King Cheng 成王 and Kang 康王, lost their central position as the Heaven-approved sacrosanct ruler and were challenged by feudal lords that overtook the leadership of the Chinese world. The Zhou kings had to flee from their western capital to the east, forced by "barbarian" tribes that invaded the Zhou territory. This was the begin of Eastern Zhou period. It is divided into the Spring and Autumn period, called following the seasonal recordings of the annals, and the Warring States period when the six most powerful kings fought against each other. Only the state of Qin was to defeat her enemies. The Zhou time was also the time of the hundred schools of philosophers and thinkers. The important Confucian classical writings find their beginnings also in this historical epoch.

Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) Admired and cherished as a unifier, as a centralizer, as an architect of the Great Wall (Changcheng 長城) and of China herself, the First Emperor (Qin Shihuangdi) 秦始皇帝 was on the other side feared and hated as a tyrant, as a book-burner and a mass murderer. The Qin empire was founded at end of a war between a few powers that had lasted for more than two centuries. And it was the result of a development that created a highly centralized bureaucratic state out of a loose feudal system. While the rule of the two Qin emperors endured not even two decades, it marks nonetheless the beginning of a more than two thousand years long history of a centralized state with an emperor being the head of thousands of officers in a state with a likewise uniform culture.

Western Han Dynasty(206 BC- 8 AD) -- Great Wall -- Silkroad Eastern Han Dynasty(25-220) After centuries of political division, the adventurer Liu Bang 劉邦 (Han Gaozu 漢高祖) succeeded in founding a new empire, following the tradition of the former kings of Zhou 周 (11th cent. BC-221 BC ) and the Warring States 戰國 and walking in the footsteps of the First Emperor of Qin 秦始皇 (221-206 BC). But unlike the short-lived Qin empire, the Han Dynasty should last for four centuries. Fundamental changes took place during this time and helped to build up what we now call the Chinese culture. It was not only the governmental system with its huge state bureaucracy, modeled on legist models, that took more concrete shape; the second important event was the rise of Confucianism as the main state doctrine, while popular belief in Daoist deities and practices by both aristocracy and the peasants were very widespread. And for the first time in history, China had contact with the West through the Silk Road. The Western Han period can be divided into the time of consolidation (Emperors Han Gaozu, Wendi 漢文帝, Zhaodi 漢昭帝, Jingdi 漢景帝), the zenith with the expansion into Inner Asia (Emperor Han Wudi 漢武帝) and the centralization of power, and the time of replacement of the imperial power by the mighty consort clan of the Wang 王 (emperors Yuandi 漢元帝, Chengdi 漢成帝). Wang Mang 王莽 tried to replace the Han Dynasty but his reforms to shape an ideal Confucian government failed, and the Han Dynasty was restored as Eastern Han. The Eastern Han, much more than Western Han, suffered under the intervention of consort clans (waiqi 外戚) and eunuch (huanguan 宦官) factions into the inner power circle of the empire. The fundaments of both of the Wang Mang and Eastern Han administration were shaken by large peasant uprisings with religious backgrounds (Red Eyebrows 赤眉, Yellow Turbans 黃巾, Five-Pecks-of-Grain Sect 五斗米道), the helm of government of Eastern Han was taken over my mighty warlords that should divide the Han empire into three "kingdoms" (Sanguo 三國).

Three Kingdoms period (220-280) The two groups that dominated the court during the second half of Later or Eastern Han 東漢 (25-220 AD), were the consort clans (waiqi 外戚) and the eunuchs (huanguan 宦官). After Emperor Huandi 漢桓帝 had ended the power of the consort clans, he and his successor Lingdi 漢靈帝 were only supported by the eunuchs. The second attempt to extinguish the powerful eunuch faction in 189 AD was successful, and the power vacuum was filled by warlords that took over the regency for the weak emperors. The ruthless general Dong Zhuo 董卓 who had sacked the capital Luoyang 洛陽, was eventually defeated by Cao Cao 曹操 who was regent for the minor emperor Xiandi 漢獻帝, who abdicated in 220 in favour of Cao Cao's son Cao Pi 曹丕. Acting as emperor of a new dynasty called Wei 魏, he had ended the four hundred year old Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD). Of the many warlords, only Sun Quan 孫權 was left, and Liu Bei 劉備, who claimed to be the real successor of the house of Han and proclaimed himself emperor of Shu 蜀 in 221. Sun Quan followed only one year later, establishing the third of the Three Kingdoms, Wu 吳 (Sanguo 三國; should better be called "Three Empires"). These three "kingdoms" or rather empires were never able to consolidate the power of the imperial throne against the mighty magnates and military leaders. Sima Yan 司馬炎 of the state of Wei should terminate the dynasty of Cao Cao and reunite China in his Jin Dynasty 晉 .

Jin Dynasty(265-316-420) The Jin Dynasty - founded by Sima Yan 司馬炎 and named after an old state of the Warring States Period 戰國 - is divided into two parts called Western Jin (Xijin 西晉) and Eastern Jin (Dongjin 東晉), names that follow the traditional division of Han in Western 西漢 and Eastern Han 東漢. But unlike the Han Dynasty that was simply continued after a short interlude of the usurper Wang Mang 王莽, the shift of the capital from Luoyang to Jiankang 建康 (modern Nanjing 南京/Jiangsu) reflects a process that destroyed the whole political, social and economic system of north China. Inner wars and the uprising of Non-Chinese chieftains contributed to the downfall of the Sima family. Together with the imperial clan, a great part of the northern aristocracy fled to the south where they had to arrange their rule with the powerful local magnates of the lower Yangtse 長江 area. While the Western Jin Dynasty had unified China after the Three Kingdoms Period 三國 and therefore stood in the tradition of the great Han Empire, the Eastern Jin only ruled over a part of China that had been still in development until then because it was remote from the antique centers in the Yellow River 黃河 plain. The Eastern Jin was the first of a couple of dynasties (Southern Dynasties 南朝) that developed a culture different from that of northern China. As an economical center of whole China, the south should be of great importance for the whole of China until today.

Southern and Northern Dynasties (420-581) After hundred and thirty years of foreign rule by various tribes over northern China, the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms 十六國, the chieftains of the Tuoba 拓跋 clan of the Xianbei 鮮卑 ethnicity were able to unite the northern part of China. The begin of their rule seemed to be the same than that of the previous only semi-civilized chieftains that called themselves emperor, made sporadic use of Chinese administration units and agencies, and brutally resettled the peasant population around their capitals to survive economically and fiscally. The Tuoba rulers had better Chinese advisers than their forerunners. They forced their own people to speak Chinese, to adopt Chinese names and culture, and challenged the own aristocracy by depriving them of their powerful offices, thereby strenghtened the position of the central government and contributed to the sinification of the foreign tribes. Furthermore, the Tuoba rulers (now called Yuan 元) developed a new system of equal land distribution (juntianfa 均田法) that should be adopted by the following Sui 隋 and Tang Dynasties 唐. A powerful instrument for the Northern Wei (Beiwei 北魏) rulers - as they were called later - was Buddhism, as the emperor was seen as a living incarnation of the ruling Buddha. Internal struggles made an end to the power of the central government. The north was divided into two short-lived empires, Eastern 東魏 and Western Wei 西魏, that were toppled and followed by two others, Northern Zhou 北周 and Northern Qi 北齊. The result of this almost two hundred year long period was the gradual reconstruction of the northern economy and the homogenization of the Chinese with the Sui Dynasty(581-618) Some historians compare the short-lived Sui Dynasty with the Qin Dynasty 秦. Qin as well as Sui preceded a great age of dynasties with a prospering economy and overwhelming culture, and both tried to initiate great reforms without conditions ripe for a change yet. And likewise, the two dynasties by their administratorial reforms prepared the performance of a long-lasting government of the succession dynasties. In the sphere of culture, art, literature and language the Sui Dynasty had the task to reunite the empire after three hundred years of division that had caused great differences in the southern and northern traditions. While the first emperor of Sui, Sui Wendi 隋文帝 (Yang Jian 楊堅), was interpreted by the historians as the great unifier of China, his successor, Sui Yangdi 隋煬帝 who exhausted the state treasure and the labour force of the population by extensive official work (imperial canal 大運河) and successless military enterprises, is blamed as the extravagant and ruthless last dynastic ruler.

Tang Dynasty(618-907) The Tang Dynasty (618-907) is the second great dynasty (called Da Tang 大唐 "Great Tang") of Chinese history that was able to unify a vast territory, to spread its culture and to absorb the cultures of surrounding states and peoples. A great part of Tang aristocracy even was of Non-Chinese origin, and merchants from Inner Asia dwelled the quarters of the capital Chang'an 長安 (modern Xi'an 西安/Shaanxi). Trade stretched to the South East Asian archipelago, and the religion of Buddhism spread to Korea and Japan. But at the same time, Confucianism again rose as a semi-religious instrument of state administration and won over Buddhism as a state doctrine. The cultural glory of the Tang Dynasty was not wholly represented by her political performance. After the uprise of a military commander named An Lushan 安祿山 and a civil war, the central government lost its grip on the local administration and gave way to warlordism in 907 when China was again divided into north and south and many small shortlived dynasties.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms(907-960)(902-979) Northern Song and Liao Dynasties(960-1126) Southern Song and Jin Dynasties(1127-1279) After the Tang 唐 and Five Dynasties 五代 period, a time full of unrest and wars, the Song Dynasty was a time of consolidation for Chinese culture. The traditional state of civil administration fully developed and brought up a revival of Confucian thought - the so-called "Neo-Confucianism", with many scholars commenting the traditional books, but also developing a more metaphysical worldview of the rather state-oriented "old" Confucianism. The Song time is often called a "Chinese Renaissance" because - similar to the European renaissance - progress in technology and inventions, the upcoming of new philosophical interpretations of the old texts meant a renewal of the old and the creation of new streamings. The Song period is marked by a revival of old Confucian traditions after the Tang age of Buddhism, and the prevailing position of civil scholars over the military age of Tang and Five Dynasties. But Song culture was also a culmination of the heritage of two thousand years of culture, and from this point of crystallization on, Chinese thinking became orthodox, culture became sterile as if it had been unchanged since thousands of years. The Song Dynasty did not rule over whole China - the north was occupied by the empires of Liao 遼, Western Xia 西夏 and Jin 金, all empires founded by Non-Chinese peoples (Khitans, Tanguts and Jurchens). A power balance with the northern empires of Liao and Jin made it possible for the Song rulers to peacefully develop a blooming urban economy with new technical instruments. Trade now oriented more to the sea because the traditional trade routes to Inner Asia had been cut off.

Yuan Dynasty(1206/79-1368) It was only a single tribe of Mongols, united in a federation with other steppe peoples, that should acheive hegemony not only over the neigboring people, but also over whole East Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. By sudden attacks, these "warriors of the hell" should destroy blooming cultures of Persia, Mesopotamia and Southeast Asia. The conquest of China and South Asia proceeded much slower, partially because of topographical hindrances like mountains and sea, partially because the Chinese already had long experience with intruding nomad tribes and had developed (almost) perfect defense instruments. In the case of the Mongols, the Jin Empire 金 had served as a buffer zone between the Mongols and the Song Empire 宋. It took the Mongols fourty years to conquer the whole of China. Although the Mongols were a Non-Chinese people that destroyed many empires and kingdoms from the Pacific rim to Eastern Europe and the Near East, they were also creators of new realms that should last for at least several decades. Their Yuan Dynasty should survive a century. The Mongolian federation - that also comprised people of other ethnic groups - was not the first Non-Chinese dynasty on Chinese soil, and like their predecessors the Chinese rulers of Mongolian origin should also adopt Confucianism as their state doctrine, they should exert a civil government in the path of the traditional Chinese bureaucracy, and the Mongolian rulers should learn Chinese, wear Chinese clothes, follow Chinese customs and habits, write in Chinese and create Chinese paintings and poems. Once more, the highly civilized nation of China seemed to be able to absorb a foreign ruling people totally. Nonetheless the Mongol rule over China is somewhat different from the previous Non-Chinese realms (Northern Wei 北魏 of the Tuoba 拓跋, Liao 遼 of the Khitan 契丹, Jin 金 of the Jurchen 女真) whose rulers and ruling peoples were gradually absorbed not only by Chinese culture but ethnically merged with the Chinese and became Chinese peasants. Ethnic separation between the Non-Chinese and Chinese was more or less exerted under all Non-Chinese dynasties, intermarriages were forbidden, and Chinese officials could only obtain a restricted range of posts within the governmental structure. But all older Non-Chinese rulers had to rely on Chinese experts to create an effective central government with an organized bureaucratic structure. The Mongol rulers assumed an extreme position in the separation of different ethnic groups, and they relied mostly on Non-Chinese advisors from Central Asia in questions of government. When the Chinese rose against the brutal Mongol regime in the 1360es they were able to cast out the most part of the ruling Mongol "class" out of China. The effects of the Mongol rule can be observed in two fields. Because Chinese intellectuals were prohibited to climb higher positions within the ladder of bureaucratic career they withdrew to inner immigration and engaged in arts and literature. Novels, vernacular literature and the popular theatre became literary genres acceptable for the higher educated. The second effect lies in the authoritarian style of the government of the subsequent Ming Dynasty 明.

Ming Dynasty(1368-1644) The founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang 朱元璋 (reign motto Hongwu 洪武 "Inundating Martiality"), was a poor man when he joined the Red Turban (Hongjin 紅巾) rebellion in the lower Yangtse region. Similar to the founder of the Han Dynasty, he was very suspicious of the educated courtiers around him and exerted an extremely authoritarian regime ("the tyrant of Nanjing"). This harsh governmental style was partly due to the influence of governmental institutions of the previous Mongol period that were marked by a strong centralization. Zhu Yuanzhang, full of mistrust, took over the whole responsibility of the imperial administration by abolishing crucial ministries and secretaries. To control the highest officials at the court, he installed the so-called Brocade Guards (Jinyiwei 錦衣衛), a kind of secret service staffed with the only kind of people he trusted, namely the eunuchs. During the whole course of Ming Dynasty, there was always prevalent a deep mistrust between the scholarship elite, that occupied the governmental posts in the capital(s) and in the prefectures, and the central government, that was often deeply influenced by some high ranking eunuchs. The authoritarian and centralized politics of the Ming government lead to a status of immovability and orthodoxy. The second emperor of Ming was overthrown by his own uncle, who adopted the reign title Yongle 永樂 "Everlasting Joy", and shifted the capital from Nanjing (Yingtianfu 應天府) to Beijing (Jingshi 京師, Shuntianfu 順天府). The Yongle Emperor's reign was the most flourishing time of the Ming Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty is famous for the influence of the eunuchs on political affairs. Basically trusted with tasks of imperial household affairs, many eunuchs were able to climb up the social ladder and to occupy posts at the court that made them able to influence the ruler and his decisions. The great part of the eunuchs came from poor families of north China, while the scholar-officials that traditionally occupied governmental posts, came from gentry clans in southern China. The problem of the intermingling of the eunuchs into state affairs was not new: The last Han emperor had to get rid of the eunuchs with the help of a military dictator, and the Song Dynasty scholar Ouyang Xiu wrote an essay about the influence of eunuchs during the Five Dynasties.

Qing Dynasty(1644-1911) The age of Qing Dynasty is - not only in the eyes of Westerners, but also in the mind of Chinese - a period of prosperity, of decay, of stagnation, of revolution, of lazyness and of challenges that came upon a population that seemed to sleep a beauty's sleep of Confucian social ethics in a paradise where a wise ruler governed over a satified and happy population, and on the other side a society that was bound by rules of a backward social thinking. The period of early and middle Qing Dynasty is the culmination of two thousand years of bureaucratical administration, two thousand years of literature, thinking and art, and therewith seems to be the conservation of traditional thinking structures - especially in the shape of the Neo-Confucian wise and paternal ruler - that were unable to cope with the sudden challenges that occurred in the 19th century. The Qing rulers were the second dynastical family that were not of Chinese origin and nonetheless were able to govern the largest territory China had ever occupied. Their rule over the majority of "cultured" and highly sophiticated Chinese population was only possible by a mixture of authoritarianism - or force - and paternalism - or benevolence. The second and third generation emperors of the Qing learned that is was only possible to rule China if the Manchu became Chinese themselves, not racial, but culturally and mentally. Therefore, the three great emperors with the reign mottos Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, saw themselves as protectors of Chinese literature and art. China was the largest, richest and most effectively governed state of the world - at least during the 18th century. Internal problems and external conflicts lead to the decay of a glorious empire from the begin of 19th century, focusing in the Opium war and the following unequal treaties.

Republic of China era(1911-1949) The 37 years of the Republic of China were a short, but very turbulent and decisive period of Chinese history. The chances for a thorough political and social change were missed by internal turmoil (warlordism, civil war) and external challenge (Japanese aggression). In the political sphere China was dominated by half a dozen of warlords and strong militarists, and even the dictatorship of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) 蔣介石 after 1927 was never able to dominate whole China. Political base and philosophical background of these warlords stretched from royalism to revolutionary ideologies with democratic targets that could never be fulfilled. The lack of democracy in the early decades of the "Republic" was due to the lack of democratic consciousness of most parts of the ruling class. With the "bourgeois" revolution of 1911 a Western style administration system was introduced by Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan) 孫中山 but without preparing the wider part of the population for this change. Under Chiang's dictaturship finally it were militarists and the financial circles of the metropoles Shanghai and Guangzhou that controlled the politics of Republican China. But at the same time intellectuals clearly demonstrated the need for a mental and a political change. During the May Fourth Movement (Wusi yundong 五四運動) Confucianism again was denounced as the cause for China's backwardness compared to the Western states and Japan that replaced the old colonial powers; writers gave up the old Classical Chinese language and wrote in vernacular modern Chinese; artists and writers sought new themes and expressed the problems of their time in hitherto unknown ways and media; democratical parties were founded, the Communist Party (Gongchandang 共產黨) was founded; in the cities the upper classes felt attracted by the Western culture of the "Golden Twenties". In the countryside meanwhile the Chinese peasants suffered under the pressure of the landowning gentry like centuries before. The decisive intuition of some Communist leaders like Mao Zedong 毛澤東 was that China had to be reformed from the countryside, and only guerilla warfare from the countryside against Chiang Kai-shek could create a new China ripe for changes. The war against the aggression of the Japanese militarists (Kang Ri zhanzheng 抗日戰爭) gave the Communists the chance to become strong enough to vanquish the forces of Chiang Kai-shek and to destroy the traditional chains of China - at least a great part of them.

People's Republic of China (modern)(since 1949) After almost 30 years of civil war and war against the Japanesse aggression the Communist Party (Gongchandang 共产党) of China founded the People's Republic on Oct 1, 1949. The foundation of a new state prepared the chance to alter traditional rules and structures, and to wipe away the shame from China that had been imposed on her by the unequal treaties in the 19th century. But the construction of a new China was less than a smooth transgression into a new age. Questions about the implementation of socialist ideas and the fear of a domination by a Russian-style socialist bureaucracy lead to the split within China's leadership after the Great Leap Forward (Dayuejin 大跃进) and thus directly lead into the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution (Wenhua geming 文化革命) that was only ended with Mao Zedong's 毛泽东 dead in 1976. A new leadership under Deng Xiaoping 邓小平 stressed the need of reform and opening (gaige kaifang 改革开放) to ameliorate the life conditions of the Chinese population and to restrengthen China's economy. But reform was not a political reform towards democracy as was demonstrated by the Chinese leadership in 1989. Since, China has made real great leaps in the economical sphere and in international politics again becoming one of the leading powers of the world. The first astronaut of China, Yang Liwei, has proved that China - at least in certain fields - was on the way of becoming a technological challenger for other nations. But there are still many unresolved national and international problems - unemployment, the difference between the modern urban centers at the east coast and the poor hinterland, the question of local democracy, and the Taiwan issue.

2008-08-11T07:13:00.000-07:00

Ebook- Insider Secrets To Doing Business In China- The Gold Rush
Wrote By Chinese Author-Fiona Yiu Kuen Chui

　

Doing Business in China

Many articles are written about doing business in China. I have read some of them, and I truly believe that most of the articles written on doing business in China ,Chinese business culture , and its Chinese business ethnics and etiquette are outdated.
The other concern is that China is really a fragmented market. Therefore, your experience in doing business in Beijing would be vastly different from that of doing business in Shanghai, or Hong Kong. It would be useless only to generalize the "Chinese Business Culture" and its Chinese business ethnics and etiquette per se.

Why Doing Business in China? The most popular country in the world, the People’s Republic of China continues to see foreign businesses race to invest in its increasingly prosperous companies and industries. China has the unique business ethnics and etiquette. To understanding Chinese business, its business culture and ethics are paramount for you wishing to conduct business in today's progressive China.

Insider Secrets to Doing Business in China is cultural awareness ebook which is ideal for professional businessmen who endeavour to build more successful business relationships with Chinese colleagues, suppliers and clients. This will provide you with the tools to maximise the competitive advantage of doing business in China through a combination of in-depth background information and practical tips and solutions.

Benefits
Insider Secrets to Doing Business in China will provide you with:
- A clear understanding of the key drivers that motivate your Chinese business counterparts
- A comprehensive framework for understanding Chinese culture, Chinese Business Culture, Chinese business ethnics and etiquette not only generally in China, but also specifically in Beijing, Shanghai, and Hong Kong
- Practical strategies for doing business with Chinese counterparts more effectively
- A better understanding of the challenges of establishing or doing business in China
- Greater ability to establish successful relationships with your Chinese colleagues, clients and suppliers

Who should read the book
Insider Secrets to doing business in China will be of benefit to you if you are:
- Considering doing business in China
- Establishing a network of Chinese suppliers
- Experiencing the challenges of doing business in China
- Employing Chinese nationals within your organisation

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China is the largest consumer market in the world. However, developing and maintaining good business relations with Chinese is somewhat challenging.

Have you ever had a business go very well in China and nothing happens afterwards?
Do you feel in somewhat difficulty to cooperate or negotiate with Chinese businessmen?
Do you know the tactics of making successful business in China?

The basic difference between people who work well with the Chinese and those who don’t seems less a matter of intelligence and chemistry that one of being able to know more Chinese culture. To understanding Chinese culture, Chinese business culture and its Chinese business ethnics and etiquette are utmost important. Chinese see things in their ways. If you don’t understand how they feel about themselves, how will you ever begin to understand how they feel about the world and you?

Contents of The Book
About The Author

Preface

Chapter 1

a).Introduction: Chinese Business Culture and its Confucian Philosophy
b).Confucianism
c).Themes in Business Confucian thought

Chapter 2

a).Who are the Chinese
b).The Chinese in Mainland China
c).The Chinese outside of Mainland China: Hong Kong

Chapter 3

a).Getting alone with the Chinese
b).How to read the Chinese
c).A new look at old ideas

Chapter 4

Modern Chinese business values and behaviour

Chapter 5

a).Business Culture in Beijing
b).Beijing: “Centre” of China
c).Pattern of Business Culture and values
Do’s and Don’t

Chapter 6

a).Business Culture in Shanghai-New York of Asia
b).Pattern of Business Culture and values
c).Do’s and Don’t

Chapter 7

a).Business Culture in Hong Kong-A place of diversity
b).Pattern of Business Culture and values
c).Do’s and Don’t

Chapter 8

The key points of doing business successfully in China

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Fiona is one of the new generation entrepreneurs of the 21st century, with a deep ethical and cultural background of the Orient, while encompassing a modernistic outlook drawn from her business education in the west, where she obtained her Masters degree in Business Administration at the University of Surrey in England. Influenced by her father’s flair for business, he had a very successful building contracting company, she developed her business plan based on her education, her intercontinental travels, and her knowledge of market forces. Within weeks of implementing her plans she became established throughout the internet community on several continents.

Now Fiona feels it is time to give a helping hand to other budding enterpreneur by writing this book on the subject of understanding unique Chinese Business Culture in the newest and largest market to open up, China.

To know your product and to know your competitors is most important, but to know your business counterpart is vital. With a simplistic guide to take you through your first contact, through to a successful transaction and a strong established business association for the future, this book will take you step by step all the way. Simple facts when known can make the difference between success and failure.

You will learn how to ensure you Chinese business associate knows he is your most important asset, for without understanding Chinese Culture, and its Chinese business culture, you have no business. How often do we hear the words 'if only'. A simple cultural slip in a business proposition in China could cost time, effort and money, then you give you cause to say 'if only I'd known'.

Wrote By Eric Lockwood
West Yorkshire, United Kingdom

About The Author

Fiona, Yiu Kuen Chui was born in Hong Kong. She has finished the bachelor honour degree of Applied Social Science at the University of Coventry and the Master Degree in Business Administration at the University of Surrey in England. She also obtained the Affiliate level from the Institute of Export in England and the Associate level from the Australian Insurance Institute. She has lived and worked in Hong Kong since the mid-1990. In between 1993-1997, she was the Lecturer of Business Administration at Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE), and since then she has been a Senior Marketing Manger in the International Enterprise. Her work has carried her into every corner of China. Having spent about 10 years travelling around China, she has acquired substantial concept of how the Chinese businessmen think in different cities. This is her first book and she threatens to write many more.
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It's common knowledge that China is the largest consumer market in the world. What is not common knowledge is exactly how foreign companies and individuals can successfully do business inside this great superpower. As the Chinese market continues to grow and open up in the West, there are unlimited opportunities for you and your business. But so are the opportunities for failure by making the wrong decision, saying the wrong thing and unknowingly jeopardizing your success by not knowing the ins and outs of the business culture in China. In order to succeed in China, you need to know the insider secrets to doing business in China.The Insider Secrets To Doing Business in China provides a unique approach to understanding the Chinese business culture by integrating China from the immense past and current business culture in ways that will help international business people to succeed in this market. Fiona Chui has written a fully detailed, yet user-friendly handbook on how individuals and companies can succeed in this challenging and often confusing business environment.Fiona Chui walks you through the key lessons that include business strategy necessary to succeed and reveals incredible business secrets along the way. She offers advice on all aspects of starting and expanding business opportunities in China. Fiona illustrates that doing business in China is only for those with the patience, persistence, and resources necessary to succeed. She gives tips and insights on the cultural differences, and the sales and marketing strategies that are unique to China. Fiona Chui offers a unique viewpoint; as a long-term resident in China, a very successful family business, and insightful advice makes this an invaluable business handbook.

Wrote by Derek Kolb
Business Manager
Alpharetta, United States
http://www.internationaltradinghouse.com/

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Please noted that in order to see the full version, I will email to you the Zip. file with its username and the password within 24 hours after I receive your payment from Paypal. Please be understanding that we got the time zone differences.Thank you very much for your support!